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Objectives
The course aims at increasing the knowledge in the field of explosion protection and modeling, especially gas and vapor explosion, as well as gas dispersion modeling, using examples for applied methods
EU directive ATEX is presented in details, along with the principles of explosion prevention and protection adopted in this directive. Its practical application in the industrial plants is explained on a series of real life examples.
In the end of the course a student will know:
- explosion characteristics and standardized methods to determine them
- basic principles of explosion prevention and protection
- details about ATEX directive requirements and application
Target Attendees / Participants
- Engineers from the Private and the Public sector
- Law makers
- Health, Safety and Environmental practitioners
- Academics and Researchers from Industry
- Design/Operations/Maintenance staff from all sectors
- Project Management
- HSE/Risk assessment/Safety consultant
Course Content by Units
Unit1: ATEX-Directives and explosion characteristics
- ATEX Directive 94/9/EC
- Hazardous area classification - principles
- Risk analysis- principle
- Explosion protection document
- Explosion characteristics
- Explosion mechanisms and consequences
- Explosion properties of flammable gases, liquids and dusts
- Standardized methods to determine explosion properties
- Safety characteristics of flammable gases, liquids and dusts
Unit 2: Explosion prevention
- Preventive measures - Principles
- Protection measures - Principles
- Sources of ignition, hot surfaces, mechanical sparks, temperature classes, ignition energy, smouldering combustion
- Hazardous area classification for gas and dust
- Electric equipment: Functional principles and particularities of the types of protection – gas (Ex-d, e, q, m, o, p, i, n) – dust (tD, mD, pD, iD)
- Requirements non-electrical equipment
- Marking of ATEX-products acc. to directive and standards
- Risk analysis with example
- Explosion protection document, proposal of contents
Unit 3: Explosion protection
- Explosion venting
- Explosion suppression
- Containment
- Explosion isolation
Unit 4: Modeling of Gas Explosions
- Explosion mechanisms
- Modeling explosion venting:
- Simple models;
- Phenomenological models;
- CFD models;
- Probabilistic analysis
- Modeling of blast generated by vapor cloud explosions
- TNT
- ME-method/Baker-Strehlow
- CFD models
- Probabilistic analysis
Unit 5: Modeling of Gas Dispersion
- Emission
- Two-phase flow,
- Vessel blowdown,
- Vessel rupture, Vaporization
- Dispersion
- Jets and plumes,
- Dense gas dispersion,
- CFD models
Unit 6: Case Studies of Accidents caused by Gas and Dust Explosions
- Electrostatic hazards basics and prevention,
- Live Dust Explosion Demo
Unit 7: Review of main course issues and preparation for the final exam
Unit 8: Final exam
Teaching Methods
The course includes:
- introductory note explaining aim and structure of the course, and used methodology as well
- ex cathedra lecturing illustrated by number of examples
- case studies allowing students to understand problems and solutions
- several collective exercise
- preparation for final exam by repetition of all course units and main issues
- final exam
Literature
- Textbook:
Explosion Protection and Modeling
Version 2, January 2010
- Transparencies:
Unit1: ATEX-Directives and explosion characteristics
Introduction – Dust Explosion
Introduction – Gas Explosion
Production Directive
User Directive
Dust Explosion – Test Methods
Unit 2: Explosion prevention
Preventive Methods
Hazardous Area Classification
Hazardous Area Classification for Dust
Ignition Sources
Unit 3: Explosion protection
ATEX – Electrical Standards
ATEX – Requirements for Mechanical Equipment
ATEX – Constructional Explosion Protection
ATEX – Risk Analysis
ATEX – Explosion Protection Documents
ATEX – Examples, Gas Explosion
ATEX – Examples, Dust Explosion
Unit 4: Modeling of Gas Explosions
Gas Exlosion Basics
Gas Explosion Venting
Vapor Cloud Explosion, Prediction and Analysis
Examples of Vapor Cloud Explosion Accidents
Gas Explosion Mitigation
Gas Explosion Effects
Emission
Flacs
Gas detonation
Gas dispersion
Unit 5: Modeling of Gas Dispersion
Gas detonation
Gas dispersion
Modeling – Dispersion
- Certification material, ver. 1, January 2010
- Additional material:
- Directive 94/9/EC, ATEX directive Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
- Atex Guidelines, European Commission, Guidelines on the application of Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the member states concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
- Gas Explosion Handbook, D. Bjerketverdt, J. R. Bakke, Kess vDirecan Wingerden
- Explosion Protection, Manual, Pepperl + Fuchs
- Vapor Clouds Dispersion, Methods for the calculation of Physical Effects, VROM, Yellow Book
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